Can I, Could I, May I?

Can and May

May is the most formal way to ask for permission. The distinction between can and may is slowly disappearing in English.

"May I be excused?" before leaving the room. When students asked, "Can I leave the room?"

may is being used to express permission or possibility—or both. 

For example, “It may rain” means that there is a possibility of rain.

Could and May

A third modal for making polite requests is could. For example, “Could I please have some water?” 
“Could I leave early?” = “May I leave early?”

Could is used with any subject to ask for permission. For example “Could I open the window?” or “Could you open the window?” are both grammatical.

When making a request using may, only I can be the subject. If you are making a formal request to dance with someone, you would say, “May I have this dance?” not “May you have this dance?” May followed by you does not express a request; it expresses a wish, as in “May you live long.”

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